Part of Speech

1. Noun

Noun is used to name people, objects, animals, places, and abstract concepts.

Countable Noun

Regular Rules in various conditions
	Singular	Plural
Noun that ends with letter -o, or other vocal letters, then add suffix –es.	Tomato	Tomatoes
	Potato	Potatoes
Noun that ends with letters: -s, -x, -ch, -sh, -ss, then add suffix -es.	Gas	Gases
	Box	Boxes
	Punch	Punches
	Dash	Dashes
	Loss	Losses
Noun that ends with letter -y and has consonants letter previous it, then eliminate –y and add suffix –ies.	Country	Countries
One syllabel noun that ends with letter -f or –fe then eliminates  -f or -fe and add suffix –ves.	Wife	Wives
Other nouns that add suffix –s.	Book	Books

Irregular
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Alga	Algae	Man	Men
Alumnus	Alumni	Mouse	Mice
Appendix	Appendices	Medium	Media
Basis	Bases	Ox	Oxen
Child	Children	Person	People
Crisis	Crises	Phenomenon	Phenomena
Criterion	Criteria	Police	Police
Datum	Data	Radius	Radii
Deer	Deer	Sheep	Sheep
Fish	Fish	Tooth	Teeth
Foot	Feet	Vita	Vitae
Goose	Geese	Woman	Women

Determiner for Countable Noun
Determiner	Singular	Plural
Articles	a/an, the	The
Quantifier	–	many, few, a few, several, a couple of, a large/great number, some, any, a lot of/lots of
Demonstratives	this, that	these, those

Examples
	Singular	Plural
1	Can you lend me a magazine?	Can you lend me magazines?
	Singular countable noun have to using indefinite article (a/an), meanwhile plural not.
2	She wrote the book when she was twenty.	She wrote the books when she was twenty.
	Both singular and plural, are using definite article (the).
3	There was a visitor in the museum.	There were many visitors in the museum.
	Only plural countable noun that using measurement.
4	That apple is from Malang.	Those apples are from Malang.
	Singular countable noun is using demostratives “this” or “that” meanwhile plural countable noun is using “these” or “those” followed by plural noun.

Uncountable Noun

Categories
Food	noddle, meat, bread
Liquid	coffee, milk, oil, honey
Powder	grain, sugar, rice, fluor, salt
Material & Sources	concrete, iron, wood, glass, sand, gold, air, water, oxygen, fog
Household Items	furniture, flooring, bedding, electricity
Language	bahasa, english, mandarin, Arabic
Weather	thunder, weather, lightning, rain, snow, wind
Etc.

Proper Noun

Proper noun is noun classification used to person, place, and thing with specific. This noun usually used to name institutions, organizations, days, months, nationalisms, religions, and places. Proper noun always using capital in first letter in it.

Common Noun

Common noun is noun classification that used to person, place, thing and others in general. This noun is not using capital in first letter in it, except if that word is first word in a sentence or a title from essay.

Examples
1.	Our first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta, craved the Bally sandals.
	Proper noun: Mohammad Hatta, common noun: sandals
2.	The Gunadarma University of Indonesia is a university located in Depok and Salemba.
	Proper noun: Gunadarma University, common noun: university
3.	I have a classmate who live in an apartment in Bandung.
	Proper noun: Bandung, common noun: apartment

Abstract Noun

Abstract noun is noun that explains ideas, concepts, feeling, state, or quality. This noun classification can be image but can’t be touched or seen with senses.

Concrete Noun

Concrete Noun is noun likes material or something that has real shape. So, concrete noun can be seen.

Examples
Abstract Noun	Concrete Non
Happiness, freedom, imagination, realist, feminism, hate, love, sympathy, idea, romance, etc.	Sugar, bread, table, chair, cupboard, fish, cat, bed, wall, building, etc.

Collective Noun

Collective noun is noun that used to explain name of group or collection. This noun classification can be people, animals, things, or abstract.

Examples
Group of people	Audience, army, class, committee, couple, crew, gang, family
Group of animal	Colony, deer, fish, flock, herd
Group of things	Bunch, bundle, clump, company, department, equipment

2. Pronoun

Pronoun used to replace the noun, the function is to avoid reps noun usage.

Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun is used to pronoun people, objects, animals, places, and abstract concepts with specific. Personal pronoun depends on cases (subject, object, possessive), number (singular & plural), person (first, second, & third), and gender (female, male, & neutral) from the noun.

Number	Person	Case
		Subjective	Objective	Possessive
Singular	1st	I	me	Mine
	2nd	You	you	Yours
	3rd	she, he, it	her, him, it	hers, his, its
Plural	1st	We	Us	Ours
	2nd	You	You	Yours
	3rd	They	Them

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun is pronoun that using parameter number (count) and distance. Noun that used to pronoun things in general but also can be used to pronoun people or others. 

Number	Distance	Pronoun
Singular	Far	That
	Near	This
	Far/near	Such
Plural	Far	Those
	Near	These
Examples
Is this your bag?
Those are your books
Such is life

Interrogative pronoun

Interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. Interrogative pronoun include: who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever, whose, whom, whomever.

Examples

Who bring my sketchbook?

Whatever will he do to get her?

Whose has lost?

Relative pronoun

Relative pronoun is used to form relative clause. The functions are can be as subject, object, possessive and not represent number (singular or plural) and gender in that position.

Relative pronoun include: who, whom, whose, which, and that and also indefinite relative pronoun with suffix –ever are whoever, whomever, and whichever.

Examples

The girl who sat on the ground is my sister.

He always takes whichever he likes.

The woman whose bag I want to buy is my sister’s old friend

Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronoun is noun used to pronoun people, things, or something in general or not specific. Pronoun can be in singular, plural, or in both form. Indefinite pronoun include: singular (anything, everything, anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, someone/somebody, something, nothing, either, neither, much, another, enough, little, less, one), plural (all, both, several, many, few, fewer, ones), and both (none, some, any, more, most).

Examples

All have heard what really you want to say.

Please bring me another picture of you.

Is there anybody who should I call?

Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronoun is used to explain subject (people or animals) accept act from verb (reciprocal action) in a sentence. Reflexive noun include in singular form: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, and in plural form: yourselves, ourselves, and themselves.

Examples

I’m going to get myself new dress.

The cat is licking itself.

The students ate cookies that they cooked by themselves.

Reciprocal Pronoun

Intensive pronoun is noun that used to in condition when two or more subject do same act with each other. Reciprocal pronoun include: each other and one another.

Examples
Function
Object of verb	We shared each other room.
	Good friend should trust one another.
Object of preposition	Why do we always picking a fight to one another?

3. Verb

Verb is used to show an act/acts from subject, situation, or conditions.

Transitive Verb

Transitive verb is verb that followed by direct object to accept act from subject.

Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verb is verb that not followed by direct object as accepter act because the act that not involve with direct object.

Examples
Transitive Verb	Active form: the girl filled her basket with a bunch flowers Passive form: Her basket was filled by the girl with a bunch flowers.
Intransitive Verb	Active form: The worker always comes on time Passive form: -

Regular Verb

Verb that past tense and participle form added suffix -ed to base form.

Base Form	Past Tense	Past Participle
Study	Studied	studied
Walk	Walked	walked
Clean	Cleaned	cleaned

Irregular Verb

Verb that past tense and participle form added with anyways. There is verb that both in past tense and participle has same form. And also there is verb that has different form between base form, past tense, and participle. And others have many same forms between past tense and participle form.

Irregular Verb	Base Form	Past Tense	Past Participle
Same base form, past tense, & participle form	Let	let	let
	Put	put	put
	Read	read	Read
Different base form, past tense, & participle form	Break	broke	Broken
	Forget	forgot	Forgotten
	Go	went	Gone
Same past tense & participle form	Have	had	Had
	Leave	left	Left
	Meet	met	Met
Same base form & participle form	Come	came	Come
	Run	ran	Run

Action Verb

Action verb is verb used to explain that subject is doing some action or to explain that something happens. This verb also called by dynamic verb.

Stative Verb

Stative verb or non-action verb is verb that not to explain actions but to explain a condition that not changes.

Examples
Action verb	He plays video games a whole day. The girl is wearing a blue dress.
Stative Verb	I love Sunday This picture appears beautiful in your room.

4. Adjective

Adjective is used to explain noun or pronoun.

Examples

Vina is a beautiful girl.

I am not angry with you.

That young girl has very long hairs.

5. Adverb

Adverb is used to explain verb, adjective, or other adverb.

Adverb of time

Adverb that used to explain the time of an activity that happen. Adverb of include: already, finally, recently, today, from…to/until…, in the …years, ago, last…, yesterday, since, then, tomorrow, etc.

Adverb of manner

Adverb is used to explain how to do a activity. Adverb of manner include: automatically, beautifully, calmly, carefully, fast, suddenly, fluently, happy, hard, gently, etc.

Adverb of degree

Adverb is used to explain how degree an activity. Adverb of degree include: so, a lot, enough, too, extremely, barely, etc.

Adverb of modality

Adverb is used to explain level of confidence or hope. “How do you feel?” can be used to ask a question to express this adverb. Adverb of modality include: fortunately, hopefully, likely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, etc.

Adverb of frequency

Adverb that used to explain how often does an activity. Adverb of frequency include: always, often, frequently, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, occasionally, hardly ever, once, etc.

Adverb of place

Adverb that used to explains place. Adverb of place include: here, there, in…, north of, south of, east of, west of, to…, above, upstairs, below, back, around, away, somewhere, everywhere, etc.

Adverb of focus

Adverb is used to explain something that being talked is limit to one focus part. Adverb of focus include: also, even, only, too, etc.

Examples

They met by chance yesterday.

He is not enough happy here.

I go fishing sometimes.

Maybe another chance will be your luck.

I hardly ever go to picnic with my family.

Reference

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-parts-of-speech accessed on 2 April 2017